THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Example For Students

THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Some people believe that recessions are neither good nor bad but simply part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. Actually, it is not true. In The Costs of Unemployment, the authors tell us both the good and bad influences of recessions. Recessions will cause unemployment because of the loss of output and GNP. Some people may argue that unemployment is a part of the functioning of the economy. They are partly right, for the unemployment is inevitable because of the dynamic economy. This kind of unemployment is called natural rate of unemploymentthe sum of frictional and structural unemployment. However, this is only a part of unemployment. Because the firms cut back and produce less when they experience recessions, they will employ fewer workers. Therefore, the unemployment rate rises. This increase in unemployment caused by recessions and depressions is called cyclical unemployment. We will write a custom essay on THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Recessions cause social consequences. During the recessions, the unemployed L 2 suffers a lot. The authors say that many people lost their savings as the stock market crashed and thousands of banks failed. What they can depend on is only the meager relief distributed by the government. In addition, prolonged unemployment may also bring with it a number of social and person ills: anxiety, depression, a deterioration of physical and psychological health, drug abuse, and suicide. Thirdly, recessions may lead to lost output in the future. When the companies experience recessions, they will reduce their investment and produce fewer products. As we all know, the investment is very important to future economic growth and progress. The more the investment is reduced, the longer we will spend on the growth of economy. On the other hand, recessions also have some benefits. First of all, recessions may reduce the rate of inflation. Secondly, in order to get survival in the recessions, companies must take some measures, such as trimming waste, managing resources better, and so on. Those who are inefficient will be driven out of business. Therefore, the efficiency is increased. Finally, recessions lead to a decrease in the demand for imports, which improves a nations balance of payment. All in all, this article shows that the recessions have both the good and bad influences. We can not simply regard it as a part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. . The Summary Of The Costs Of Unemployment Essay Example For Students The Summary Of The Costs Of Unemployment Essay The Summary Of The Costs Of Unemployment Essay Some people believe that recessions are neither good nor bad but simply part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. Actually, it is not true. In The Costs of Unemployment, the authors tell us both the good and bad influences of recessions. Recessions will cause unemployment because of the loss of output and GNP. Some people may argue that unemployment is a part of the functioning of the economy. We will write a custom essay on The Summary Of The Costs Of Unemployment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They are partly right, for the unemployment is inevitable because of the dynamic economy. This kind of unemployment is called natural rate of unemploymentthe sum of frictional and structural unemployment. However, this is only a part of unemployment. Because the firms cut back and produce less when they experience recessions, they will employ fewer workers. Therefore, the unemployment rate rises. This increase in unemployment caused by recessions and depressions is called cyclical unemployment. Recessions cause social consequences. During the recessions, the unemployed L 2 suffers a lot. The authors say that many people lost their savings as the stock market crashed and thousands of banks failed. What they can depend on is only the meager relief distributed by the government. In addition, prolonged unemployment may also bring with it a number of social and person ills: anxiety, depression, a deterioration of physical and psychological health, drug abuse, and suicide. Thirdly, recessions may lead to lost output in the future. When the companies experience recessions, they will reduce their investment and produce fewer products. As we all know, the investment is very important to future economic growth and progress. The more the investment is reduced, the longer we will spend on the growth of economy. On the other hand, recessions also have some benefits. First of all, recessions may reduce the rate of inflation. Secondly, in order to get survival in the recessions, companies must take some measures, such as trimming waste, managing resources better, and so on. Those who are inefficient will be driven out of business. Therefore, the efficiency is increased. Finally, recessions lead to a decrease in the demand for imports, which improves a nations balance of payment. All in all, this article shows that the recessions have both the good and bad influences. We can not simply regard it as a part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. . THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Example For Students THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Some people believe that recessions are neither good nor bad but simply part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. Actually, it is not true. In The Costs of Unemployment, the authors tell us both the good and bad influences of recessions. Recessions will cause unemployment because of the loss of output and GNP. Some people may argue that unemployment is a part of the functioning of the economy. They are partly right, for the unemployment is inevitable because of the dynamic economy. This kind of unemployment is called natural rate of unemploymentthe sum of frictional and structural unemployment. However, this is only a part of unemployment. Because the firms cut back and produce less when they experience recessions, they will employ fewer workers. Therefore, the unemployment rate rises. This increase in unemployment caused by recessions and depressions is called cyclical unemployment. We will write a custom essay on THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Recessions cause social consequences. During the recessions, the unemployed L 2 suffers a lot. The authors say that many people lost their savings as the stock market crashed and thousands of banks failed. What they can depend on is only the meager relief distributed by the government. In addition, prolonged unemployment may also bring with it a number of social and person ills: anxiety, depression, a deterioration of physical and psychological health, drug abuse, and suicide. Thirdly, recessions may lead to lost output in the future. When the companies experience recessions, they will reduce their investment and produce fewer products. As we all know, the investment is very important to future economic growth and progress. The more the investment is reduced, the longer we will spend on the growth of economy. On the other hand, recessions also have some benefits. First of all, recessions may reduce the rate of inflation. Secondly, in order to get survival in the recessions, companies must take some measures, such as trimming waste, managing resources better, and so on. Those who are inefficient will be driven out of business. Therefore, the efficiency is increased. Finally, recessions lead to a decrease in the demand for imports, which improves a nations balance of payment. All in all, this article shows that the recessions have both the good and bad influences. We can not simply regard it as a part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. Book Reports . THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Example For Students THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Word Count: 518 Some people believe that recessions are neither good nor bad but simply part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. Actually, it is not true. In The Costs of Unemployment, the authors tell us both the good and bad influences of recessions. Recessions will cause unemployment because of the loss of output and GNP. Some people may argue that unemployment is a part of the functioning of the economy. We will write a custom essay on THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They are partly right, for the unemployment is inevitable because of the dynamic economy. This kind of unemployment is called natural rate of unemploymentthe sum of frictional and structural unemployment. However, this is only a part of unemployment. Because the firms cut back and produce less when they experience recessions, they will employ fewer workers. Therefore, the unemployment rate rises. This increase in unemployment caused by recessions and depressions is called cyclical unemployment. Recessions cause social consequences. During the recessions, the unemployed L 2 suffers a lot. The authors say that many people lost their savings as the stock market crashed and thousands of banks failed. What they can depend on is only the meager relief distributed by the government. In addition, prolonged unemployment may also bring with it a number of social and person ills: anxiety, depression, a deterioration of physical and psychological health, drug abuse, and suicide. Thirdly, recessions may lead to lost output in the future. When the companies experience recessions, they will reduce their investment and produce fewer products. As we all know, the investment is very important to future economic growth and progress. The more the investment is reduced, the longer we will spend on the growth of economy. On the other hand, recessions also have some benefits. First of all, recessions may reduce the rate of inflation. Secondly, in order to get survival in the recessions, companies must take some measures, such as trimming waste, managing resources better, and so on. Those who are inefficient will be driven out of business. Therefore, the efficiency is increased. Finally, recessions lead to a decrease in the demand for imports, which improves a nations balance of payment. All in all, this article shows that the recessions have both the good and bad influences. We can not simply regard it as a part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. . THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Example For Students THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Some people believe that recessions are neither good nor bad but simply part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. Actually, it is not true. In The Costs of Unemployment, the authors tell us both the good and bad influences of recessions. Recessions will cause unemployment because of the loss of output and GNP. Some people may argue that unemployment is a part of the functioning of the economy. They are partly right, for the unemployment is inevitable because of the dynamic economy. This kind of unemployment is called natural rate of unemploymentthe sum of frictional and structural unemployment. However, this is only a part of unemployment. Because the firms cut back and produce less when they experience recessions, they will employ fewer workers. Therefore, the unemployment rate rises. This increase in unemployment caused by recessions and depressions is called cyclical unemployment. We will write a custom essay on THE SUMMARY OF THE COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Recessions cause social consequences. During the recessions, the unemployed L 2 suffers a lot. The authors say that many people lost their savings as the stock market crashed and thousands of banks failed. What they can depend on is only the meager relief distributed by the government. In addition, prolonged unemployment may also bring with it a number of social and person ills: anxiety, depression, a deterioration of physical and psychological health, drug abuse, and suicide. Thirdly, recessions may lead to lost output in the future. When the companies experience recessions, they will reduce their investment and produce fewer products. As we all know, the investment is very important to future economic growth and progress. The more the investment is reduced, the longer we will spend on the growth of economy. On the other hand, recessions also have some benefits. First of all, recessions may reduce the rate of inflation. Secondly, in order to get survival in the recessions, companies must take some measures, such as trimming waste, managing resources better, and so on. Those who are inefficient will be driven out of business. Therefore, the efficiency is increased. Finally, recessions lead to a decrease in the demand for imports, which improves a nations balance of payment. All in all, this article shows that the recessions have both the good and bad influences. We can not simply regard it as a part of the natural survival of the fittest in the business world. Category: Book Reports .

Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto

CASE: Managing Product Safety: The Ford Pinto I. LEGAL CASE ANALYSIS A. Facts In 1960 Ford Motors produced the first American compact car, the Ford Falcon. In 1964 the Ford Mustang followed, gaining wide favor as a sports car â€Å"for the masses.† Ford executives believed that foreign imports posed a threat to its position in the small car market, and it did not have a sub-compact model to compete with the foreign models. In 1967, Lee Iacocca became president of Ford Motors and directed development of the Ford Pinto, which was released in 1970. The Pinto rapidly gained acceptance and after 6 years over 2 million units had been sold, a company best-seller. The design and planning process for the Pinto was fast-tracked, with an ultimate development time of 38 months exceeding the average time of 43 months. The decision was made to install the gas tank as a strap-on unit under the rear floor pan and behind the rear axle. Late in the design process, however, an engineering study had determined that the safest place for a fuel tank was directly above the rear axle. However, such as design would require a circuitous filler pipe likely to be dislodged in an accident as well as raise the center of gravity thus affecting handling, causing an overall decrease in safety in the opinion of senior engineers. Additionally, such a location would interfere with future options such as a wagon or hatchback, as well as decrease storage space. In 1969, the NHTSA proposed its first rear-end collision fuel system integrity standard, Standard 301, which required less than one ounce of fuel leak per minute after a 20 mph rear-end collision with a moving barrier of 4000 pounds. Ford tested prototype models of the Pinto under this standard, made modifications as necessary and began production of the Pinto. However, in 1970, the NHTSA proposed a 20 mph fixed barrier standard to be met by all vehicle within 18 months, as well as noting that a 30 ... Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto CASE: Managing Product Safety: The Ford Pinto I. LEGAL CASE ANALYSIS A. Facts In 1960 Ford Motors produced the first American compact car, the Ford Falcon. In 1964 the Ford Mustang followed, gaining wide favor as a sports car â€Å"for the masses.† Ford executives believed that foreign imports posed a threat to its position in the small car market, and it did not have a sub-compact model to compete with the foreign models. In 1967, Lee Iacocca became president of Ford Motors and directed development of the Ford Pinto, which was released in 1970. The Pinto rapidly gained acceptance and after 6 years over 2 million units had been sold, a company best-seller. The design and planning process for the Pinto was fast-tracked, with an ultimate development time of 38 months exceeding the average time of 43 months. The decision was made to install the gas tank as a strap-on unit under the rear floor pan and behind the rear axle. Late in the design process, however, an engineering study had determined that the safest place for a fuel tank was directly above the rear axle. However, such as design would require a circuitous filler pipe likely to be dislodged in an accident as well as raise the center of gravity thus affecting handling, causing an overall decrease in safety in the opinion of senior engineers. Additionally, such a location would interfere with future options such as a wagon or hatchback, as well as decrease storage space. In 1969, the NHTSA proposed its first rear-end collision fuel system integrity standard, Standard 301, which required less than one ounce of fuel leak per minute after a 20 mph rear-end collision with a moving barrier of 4000 pounds. Ford tested prototype models of the Pinto under this standard, made modifications as necessary and began production of the Pinto. However, in 1970, the NHTSA proposed a 20 mph fixed barrier standard to be met by all vehicle within 18 months, as well as noting that a 30 ...

Math Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math Economics - Assignment Example If the price of a close substitute—a product that you view as similar or identical to the one you are considering purchasing—is much lower than the price of Levi’s jeans, you may buy that other brand instead. The price of a complement, , -a good that you like to consume at the same time as the product you are considering buying—may affect your decision. If you eat pie only with ice cream, the higher the price of ice cream, the less likely you are to buy pie 3. Consider a profit maximizing firm which rents capital K at rate R in order to produce goods q via the production function . Assume the firm takes the goods price as given. If determine the firm’s demand for capital. Compute the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between goods x and y. Compute an equation characterizing the agent’s indifference curve, and compute the slope of this curve. Compare this slope to the MRS. Use the MRS to compute the demand curves for x and y. Are the goods x and y complements? Substitutes? Now that we have the marginal rate of substitution, we can find out what happens to the relative consumption of X and Y as we move along the consumer’s indifference curve. To see what occurs as X increases, we take the partial derivative of MRS XY with respect to X: The consumer’s marginal rate of substitution — the slope of the indifference curve — remains the same as her consumption of X increases or decreases along the indifference curve. In other words, the consumption of commodity X has no any direct effect on consumption of commodity Y. thus the goods are not substitute but are compliments to each

The Impact of Stress on Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Impact of Stress on Workers - Essay Example The arrival of stress, in the same way, is directly related to excessive work or persistent boredom which can be observed so very often in any workplace’s environment fraught with an unchanging aura. What makes the work-related stress a serious and hazardous issue is the worst kind of depression it can lead a worker to and profoundly impact his/her life. Therefore, it can be said that though stress itself may not be called a disease, but the consequential problems it gives birth to become worth addressing once they mature into gravely complicated issues like physical unfitness and psychological disorders. Relentless work pressures and increased competitiveness: Given the unbelievably quick rise observed in industrialism and materialistic public approach in the recent years, this would not be hyperbolical to state that work pressures both on the employers and employees have increased proportionately. That is the same reason why so much research has been done on the influence th is work pressure produces on the workers to the point that â€Å"one in 20 cases of depression or anxiety annually is attributable to high stress at work† (NHS, 2007). ... No sooner do the helpless workers exposed to insane work pressures come out of one complex problem, does another fall down on their heaving shoulders. Recurring headaches, angry cramps in the neck and back especially, distorted thinking, terrible memory, sleeping difficulties, and dark hopelessness are just some of the deplorable physical and mental consequences produced by work stress on the workers as identified by (Workers Health Centre, 2005). Emotional turmoil and layoff fear induced by work stress: Work stress is justifiably proved to be a powerful and influential emotional roller for workers around the globe, as a result of excessive competitiveness and unpredictable employment opportunities. It remains undeniable that competitiveness has peaked in the present age in all employing firms and fear of layoff is what keeps haunting the workers persistently, which leads them to work more and more in order to keep their employers happy and escape the looming prospect of unemployment . All this pandemonium created by work-related stress induces the workers to go into realm of bizarre fantasy and some may even opt to find solace by engaging themselves in a hedonistic lifestyle, thus deviating from the right path and hitting the perturbed one, all the while influenced by that same cursed work-related stress. Recent research consolidates the hazardous consequences produced by excessive work pressures by bringing up the fact that â€Å"regardless of occupation, seniority, or salary level, we’re spending more and more of our work days feeling frazzled and out of control, instead of alert and relaxed† (Segal, Smith, Robinson, & Segal, 2011). Disorientation is one of the most powerful influences which grips the workers as soon

Difference between the mission and vision statement.strategic Essay

Difference between the mission and vision statement.strategic management - Essay Example The main difference between the mission and vision statement is that the mission statement provides a guidelines of what the company seeks to achieve in the present as an organization while the vision statement illustrates the goals of the firm for the future. A company I once work for had the most deceptive and fraudulent mission statement I had ever seen. The company claimed that one of its values was taking care of the employees in order to improve their quality of life and of their families. The reason that the company lied in this statement was because this company was very abusive towards its employees. The firm would steal hours from the workers payroll by paying them fewer hours than they worked, they would pay the workers two to three weeks late every pay cycle, and the firm did not honor a bonus system that offered to the employees when they started to work for the firm. The actions of the managers, administrative team, and owners of the company were opposite of what the mi ssion statement claimed. DQ2 I went to the corporate website of the global coffeehouse company Starbucks Cafe. The company has a corporate responsibility program in place that affected various aspects of their operations. One of the most intriguing aspects of the firm’s CSR plan was the sourcing of materials initiatives. The company in order to help our poor communities across the world only purchases fair trade coffee. Fair trade coffee is a system that guarantees poor farmers across the world a minimum price for coffee of $1.26 per pound which is twice the going rate for wholesale coffee across the world. Another aspect of the firm social responsibility commitment which I liked was their emphasis on hiring a diverse workforce. The firm also had good initiatives in place to protect the environment such as a recycling program. One aspect of their social responsibility initiatives that I did not like was the fact that the company does not have a mechanism in place to collect m oney for philanthropy causes. Considering the high profit margins the company enjoys the firm could easily donate 1% of their revenues or more to help fight hunger in places such as Africa, India, and South America. DQ3 The four major components of the strategic management process are environmental scanning, strategy formation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation. Environmental scanning is important because it allows the manager the opportunity to collect sufficient information in order to determine the relation between the company, the market, and its potential alternative solutions. I believe that the second step (strategy formation) is the most important step or component in the strategic management process. If a manager chooses the wrong strategy the subsequent steps won’t matter because the failure of the strategic initiative is inevitable. Take for example a company that decides after two years in business that the best strategic formation is too expand the company. The firm invests all the money it has on expanding without proper environmental scanning and without analyzing the financial consequences of the decision. Due to the bad plan the company realizes that now they are producing more goods than what the market seeks. Suddenly a firm that was doing well goes into financial troubles due to a bad strategic formation. 4. I agree with you that the mission statements of companies have a more detail description than the vision statement of a company. Based on the research that I made on the subject the reason that this occurs is because of the timeline perspective. The mission statement attempts to provide the people who read it an overview of the business as it is in the short term. People want to know what the company is all about and is seeking to do and realize. The visions statement is different because the vision statement provides an overview of what the company is seeking to achieve in the future. 5. I agree with a lot of the points you mentioned in your response. I believe that a people’

The Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay

The Difference Between Traditional File Systems Information Technology Essay Wikipedia The traditional filing system is a method of storing and arranging computer files and the information in the file. Basically it organizes these files into a database for the storage, organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computers operating system. For this method, a file name is assigned to a file in order to secure storage location in the computer memory or data storage devices such as hard disks or CD-ROMs are used to maintain the physical location of the files. By this file name a file can be further accessed. Whether the file system has an underlying storage device or not, file systems typically have directories which associate file names with files, usually by connecting the file name to an index in a file allocation table. A new concept for file management is the concept of a database-based file system. Files are identified by their characteristics, like type of file, topic, author, etc (DBMS) consists of software that operates databases, providing storage, access, security, backup and other facilities. This system can be categorized according to the database model and the type of computer that they support such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the query language(s) that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum scale or maximum speed or others. Some DBMS cover more than one entry in these categories, e.g., supporting multiple query languages. Meanwhile database management systems are usually accessed in a client-server manner, where the database client and the server are located on different machines (in a local area network). Both systems deal with information management. File-based System File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users, such as updating, insertion, deletion adding new files to database etc. Each program defines and manages its data. When a computer user wants to store data electronically they must do so by placing data in files. Files are stored in specific locations on the hard disk (directories). The user can create new files to place data in, delete a file that contains data, rename the file, etc which is known as file management; a function provided by the Operating System (OS). Advantages of traditional file based system Disadvantages of traditional file based system No need of external storage Provides less security. No need of a highly technical person to handle the database. Redundancy is more. Processing speed is high as compared to DBMS Less integrity. High complexity in updating of database. Table 1.1.1 Database Management System The improvement of the File-Based System (FBS) was the Database Management System (DBMS) which came up in the 60s. The Database Management System removed the trouble of manually locating data, and having to go through it. The user could create a suitable structure for the data beforehand, to place the information in the database that the DBMS is managing. Hence, the physical organizing of files is done away with and provides the user with a logical view of the data input. A database is a collection of interrelated information stored in a database server; these data will be stored in the form of tables. The primary aim of database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information fast and in an efficient manner. Advantages Control of data redundancy Although the database approach does not remove redundancy completely, it controls the amount of redundancy in the database. Data consistency By removing or controlling redundancy, the database approach reduces the risk of inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of the idea are kept consistent. More information from the same amount of data With the amalgamation of the operated data, it is possible to derive additional information for the same data. Sharing of data Database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. Improved data integrity Database integrity provides the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Improved security Provides protection of data from unauthorized users. It will require user names and passwords to identify user type and their access right in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion. Enforcement of standards The integration of the database enforces the necessary standards including data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. Economy of scale Cost savings can be obtained by combining all organizations operational data into one database with applications to work on one source of data. Balance of conflicting requirements By having a structural design in the database, the conflicts between users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole rather than for an individual person. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness By having integration in the database approach, data accessing can cross departmental boundaries. This feature provides more functionality and better services to the users. Increased productivity The database approach provides all the low-level file-handling routines. The provision of these functions allow the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application development. Improved maintenance Provides data independence. As a change of data structure in the database will affect the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance. Increased concurrency Database can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no interference between users that would not result any loss of information or loss of integrity. Improved backing and recovery services Modern database management system provides facilities to minimize the amount of processing that can be lost following a failure by using the transaction approach. Disadvantages Complexity A difficult software. All users must be familiar with its functionality and take full advantage of it. Therefore, training for the administrators, designers and users is required. Size Uses a substantial amount of main memory as well as large amount of disk space in order to make it run efficiently. Cost of DBMS A multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even after the installation, there is a high regular annual maintenance cost on the software. Cost of conversion When moving from a file-base system to a database system, the company is required to have additional expenses on hardware acquisition and training cost. Performance As the database approach is to cater for many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some applications may not run as fast as before. Higher impact of a failure Increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications reply on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously. The difference between TFS and DBMS Balajee B. (2005), There are number of characteristics that differ from traditional file management system to database management system. In file system approach, each user implements the required files for a specific application to run. (Example: in a sales department of an enterprise, one user will be maintaining the details of the number of sales personnel in that department and their grades. These details will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Another user will maintain the salary details of these sales personnel and the detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users need the data of the salespersons, they will be having their details in separate files and they need different programs to operate their files.) When such data is isolated in separate files, it is difficult to access data that should be available for both users. This will lead to wastage of space and redundancy or replication of data, which may lead to c onfusion, as sharing of data among various users is not possible and data inconsistency may occur. These files will not be having any inter-relationship among the data stored in these files. Therefore in traditional file processing every user will be defining their own constraints and implement the files according to their needs. In database approach, a single store of data is maintained that is defined once and then accessed by many users, as database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. The essential characteristic of database approach is that the database system not only contains data but it contains complete definition or description of the database structure and control. These definitions are stored in a system catalog, which contains the information about the structure and definitions of the database. The information stored in the catalog is called the metadata, it describes the primary database. Hence this approach will work on any type of database for example, insurance database, Airlines, banking database, Finance details, and Enterprise information database. But in traditional file processing system the application is developed for a specific purpose and they will access specific database only. But the processing speed in TFS is high compared to DBMS. The other main characteristic of the database is that it will allow multiple users to access the database at the same time and sharing of data is possible. The database must include concurrency control software to ensure that several users trying to update the same data at the same time, it should maintain in a controlled manner. In file system approach many programmers will be creating files over a long period and various files have different format, in various application languages, where duplication of data can occur. This redundancy in storing same data multiple times leads to higher costs and wastage of space. This may result in data inconsistency in the application; this is because update is done to some of the files only and not all of the files. Moreover in database approach multiple views can be created; External view User/Application view, Conceptual view Logical view, Internal view Details about the structure of data and physical storage of information. View is a tailored representation of information contained in one or more tables. View is also called as Virtual table because view does not contain physically stored records and will not occupy any space. A multi-user database whose users have variety of applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views. In traditional file system, if any changes are made to the structure of the files it will affect all the programs. Therefore, changes to the structure of a file will require to change all programs that access the file and whereby data dependence will be lost. But in the case of database approach the structure of the database is stored separately in the system catalog from the access of the application programs. This property is known as program-data independence. Database can also be used for continuous storage for program objects and data structures that resulted in object oriented database approach. Traditional systems suffered from impedance mismatch problem and difficulty in accessing the data, which is avoided in object oriented database system. Database can be used to represent complex relationships among data as well as to retrieve and update related data easily and efficiently. Hence DBMS does not automatically remove redundancies, but help to control redundancy. It is possible to define and enforce integrity constraints for the data stored in the database. The database also provides facilities for recovering hardware and software failures, as it has automatic and intelligent backup and recovery procedures. It reduces the application development time considerably when compared to the file system approach and availability of up-to-date information of all the users. It also provides security to the data stored in the database system and maintains integrity. A highly technical person will be required to handle the database, while for TFS, it is not so. File-based systems are very dependent upon the application programmer. Any required queries or reports have to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be entertained and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered. DBMS has data independence. The way information is stored and the way information issued is independent of each other. File-based systems also give tremendous pressure on data processing staff, with users complaints on programs that are inadequate or inefficient in meeting their demands. Documentation may be limited and maintenance of the system is difficult. Provision for security, integrity and recovery capability is very limited. Whereas, DBMS has control over security as it provides tools such as use of User Code, Password / Privileges and Roles to ensure security of data. Data, Field, Record, and File are the main components of Database environment. Briefly explain those. Data Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), Distinct pieces of information usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can exist in a variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a persons mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word. The term data is often used to distinguish binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a distinction between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data). In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store adminis trative information, known as metadata. Field Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A space allocated for a particular item of information. A tax form, for example, contains a number of fields: one for your name, one for your Social Security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, fields are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells. Most fields have certain attributes associated with them. For example, some fields are numeric whereas others are textual; some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name. In database management systems, a field can be required, optional, or calculated. A required field is one in which you must enter data, while an optional field is one you may leave blank. A calculated field is one whose value is derived from some formula involving other fields. You do not enter data into a calculated field; the system automatically determines the correct value. A collection of fields is called a record. Record Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. In relational database management systems, records are called tuples. Some programming languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. Figure 1.2.1 Source Author Anon., File Webopedia (Anon., n.d.), A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text. What is the Importance of DBMS in a Defense Organization and in an Education Department? Defence Organization Benjamin (n.d.), A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computers of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. As organizations develop with time, their adoption to the latest technologies in the computer field becomes a necessity. A Defence organization is no different. In these turbulent times, when national security is more important, providing all Defence personnel with access to the latest technology and education opportunities not only directly contributes to Defence capability but also improve the defence personnels career development. Hence the importance of a DBMS in such an organization like Defence is vital. Because Database administrators could use this system to configure and operate databases as the software provides high level, privileged database access. But the management should restrict use of this software to authorized personnel. One function of the database administrator is to create particular views of information stored in the database that are unique for each type of user. For example, one officer will have a different view of information in the database than another, say Senior officer. The different user groups will also have different abilities to add, modify, or delete information. The database administrator is responsible for providing users with access to the appropriate level of information. The primary risk associated with database administration is that an administrator can alter sensitive data without those modifications being detected. A secondary risk is that an administrator can change access rights to information stored within the database as well as their own access rights. Database security is the last line of defence. So it deserves greater focus on the protection of private data from both internal and external. The sensitivity and classification of the information stored in the database form the basis for establishing controls. A database that stores confidential information may require a more significant control environment than a database that stores non-sensitive information. Management should consider the security and performance implications of the security options available with modern database management systems. Database security professionals and information security and risk management professionals could adopt a security strategy in DBMS to: 1) Align database security policies with information security policies; 2) Ensure well-defined and formalized database security procedures; 3) Enforce role separation; and 4) Apply advanced security measures such as database auditing, monitoring, database encryption, data masking, and vulnerability assessment to all critical databases that store private data. The DBMS can provide long-term benefits for the Defence organization reducing duplication of data and making it easier for HR to update personnel records. If not for DBMS, each time there was a personnel change, trainers would have to go through their entire content to make the necessary changes. Now, replacing Brigadier Xs picture in the content library with Commodore Ys picture can be automatically replicated through all relevant programs. Thereby reduce its expenditure on storage. But, initial training will be required for all programmers and users. Even though database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design, there is greater data integrity and independence from applications programs and Education Department Sue Bushell (2004), To improve teaching and learning with the help of modern information and communication technology eLearning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The Information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process. E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move towards blended learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations. E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs 100% online. As per wikipedia.org, the worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over $48 billion US according to conservative estimates. Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with consulting, content, technologies, services and support being identified as the five key sectors of the e-learning industry. E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the E must be understood to have broad meaning if e-learning is to be effective. Luskin says that the e should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to electronic that is a traditional national interpretation. This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation. E-Learning can also refer to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online training There are many advantages to online and computer-based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. There are a few disadvantages as well. Advantages of eLearning (Anon., n.d) E-learning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results. Cost effective E-learning is more cost effective than traditional learning because less time and money is spent traveling. Since e-learning can be done in any geographic location and there are no travel expenses, this type of learning is much less costly than doing learning at a traditional institute.   Flexibility Flexibility is a major benefit of e-learning. E-learning has the advantage of taking class anytime anywhere. Education is available when and where it is needed. E-learning can be done at the office, at home, on the road, 24 hours a day, and seven days a week.   Learners  like e-learning because it accommodates different types of learning styles.  They have the advantage of learning at their own pace. Students can also learn through a variety of activities that apply to many different learning styles. Learners can fit e-learning into their busy schedule. If they hold a job, they can participate in eLearning right at their desk. If the learner needs to do the learning at night, then this option is available while in their pajamas and do the learning if they desire.   Personalized learning E-learning encourages students to peruse through information by using hyperlinks and sites on the worldwide Web.  Learners are able to find information relevant to their personal situations and interest. E-learning allows selection of  learning materials that meet their level of knowledge, interest and what they need to know to perform more effectively in an activity.   E-learning is more focused on the learner and it is more interesting for the learner because it is information that they want to learn. E-learning is flexible and can be customized to meet the individual needs of the learners. Develops knowledge E-learning helps develop knowledge of the Internet. This knowledge will help learners throughout their careers. E-learning encourages students to take personal responsibility for their own learning. When learners succeed, it builds self-knowledge and self-confidence Disadvantages of eLearning Access One disadvantage of eLearning is that learners need to have access to a computer as well as the Internet. They also need to have computer skills with programs such as word processing, Internet browsers, and e-mail. Without these skills and software it is not possible for the  learner to succeed in eLearning.   E-learners need to be very comfortable using a computer. Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials difficult. This may cause the learners to get frustrated and give up.   Software and files Another disadvantage of e-learning is managing computer files, software comfortability and learning new software, including e-learning. For learners with beginner-level computer skills it can sometimes seem complex to keep their computer files organized.  The lesson points you to download a file which the learner does and later cannot find the file. The file is downloaded to the folder the computer automatically opens to rather than a folder  chosen by the learner. This file may be lost or misplaced to the learner without good computer organizational skills. High motivation E-learning also requires time to complete especially those with assignments and interactive collaborations. This means that students have to be highly motivated and responsible because all the work they do is on their own. Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may not complete modules and may fall behind Isolation Another disadvantage of e-learning is that students may feel isolated and unsupported while learning. Instructions are not always available to help the learner so learners need to have discipline to work independently without assistance. E-learners may also become bored with no interaction with instructors or classmates.   Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about course activities and deadlines. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help Conclusion Today many technologies can be, and are, used in e-learning, from blogs to collaborative software, E-Portfolios, and virtual classrooms. Most e-learning situations use combinations of these techniques. Even though the hardware and software start-up are costly, the advantages are; reduced data redundancy, reducing updating errors and increased consistency, greater data integrity and independence from applications programs, improved data access to users through use of host and query languages, improved data security and availability of facilitated development of new application programs and ability for intensive research are the benefits of DBMS. Task 2 Draw an Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by the Medi Check Hospital. Produce the resulting tables of above Medi Check Hospital and clearly indicating the primary and foreign keys. Data Tables Doctor DoctorID (primary) Lname Fname Address Phone Pager Specialty Location Availability Patient PatientNo (primary) PatientFirstName PatientLastName PatientAddress PatientTelNo PatientDob PatientMaritalStatus PatientDateRegistered Appointment AppointmentNo (primary) PatientName Date/Time PatientTelNo Symptom SymptomCode (primary), SymptomName Description Treatment TreatmentTitle (primary) TreatmentType Duration Status TreatmentCost Medication MedicationNo (primary) MedicationType SideEffect Dosage Frequency Severity MedicationBrandName MedicationManufactureName MedicationManufactureAddress MedicationManufactureTel Normalize these tables to ensure that are all in BCNF. Show the steps you have taken in normalizing the tables. UNF Medication (DoctorID, Lname, Fname, Address, Phone, Pager, Specialty, Location, Availability, PatientNo, PatientFirstName, PatientLastName, PatientAddress, PatientTelNo, PatientDob, PatientMaritalStatus, PatientDateRegistered, AppoinmentNo, PatientName, Date/Time, PatientTelNo, SymptomCode, SymptomName, Description, TreatmentTitle, TreatmentTy

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Summary "The Catcher in the Rye" is a story of a young sixteen year old boy named Holden Caulfield. Holden is telling this story in first person. Holden is a student of Pency Prep an all boys school in Pennsylvania. The book starts in a rest home in California. Holden flashback to four days before the beginning of Christmas vacation. Holden is going to pay a visit to Mr. Spencer, his history teacher. Mr.Spencer is sick in bed suffering from the grippe. While there Mr.Spencer talks to Holden about his poor grade on his last examination paper. That Saturday Holden and his friend Mal Brossard, who is on the wrestling team , go to see a movie. They invite Ackley out of sympathy because he never does anything Saturday night. After the boys finnish playing pinball. Holden goes back to his room to write a composition for his roommate Stradler. When Stradler comes back from his date with Jane Grallagher, a girl that Holden has a crush on, he doesn't like the composition. Holden and Stradler argue, then Holden punishes Stradler. Holden loses the fight. Holden goes to Ackleys room to talk, but Ackley doesn't want to talk so Holden leaves to look for Mal Bossard. Holden starts to pack his bags after he decids not to look for Borssard. He walks to the train station because it is too late for a taxi. While there he cleans off the blood from the fight with some snow. He catches a train to New York. On the train he meets a woman who is the mother of one of his classmates. Holden is attracted to the women so he starts to lie about himself. When he arrives in New York he get a room in the Edmont Hotel. Holden is thinking of staying in the hotel until Wednesday when he can go home. It is still Saturday night and Holden is bored so he goes to the club in the hotel. The waiter will not serve him alcohol. At the next table there are three women who are giggling at him. Holden asks the ladies to dance. Holden find out that the ladies are from Seattle, Washington. After the ladies leave the club Holden gets bored because there are no drinks are and no girls, so he leave. In the lobby he sits down in a chair and thinks about Jane Gallagher.

Statistics for Management and Economics

Course: Professor: Term: Sections: 001: 002: 003: 502: Contact Information: Office Phone Office Location Email OPRE 6301/SYSM 6303 (cross-listed courses) FALL 2012 Carol A. Flannery, Ed. D. Fall 2012 Friday Tues/Thurs Wednesday Thursday 4:00 pm to 6:45 pm 11:30 am to 12:45 pm 1:00 pm to 3:45 pm 7:00 pm to 9:45 pm SOM 1. 217 SOM 2. 106 SOM 1. 117 SOM 1. 212 972-883-5853 (Answered only during office hours) JSOM 2. 416 [email  protected] edu All contact concerning your class must be via eLearning class website. Email sent via eLearning is checked daily Monday through Friday.Voicemail on office phone is not checked daily. Office Hours Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 10:00 am to 11:15 am 11:30 am to 12:30 pm 10:00 am to 11:15 am and 6:00 pm to 6:45 pm 3:00 pm to 3:45 pm Teaching Assistant To be posted for each section on eLearning Please note: Office hours are not to be used to reiterate a class that was missed. Have your questions or problems prepared before coming to see either your professor or TA. Written evidence you have attempted problems will be required. General Course Information Pre-requisite: MATH 5304 or equivalentCourse Description OPRE 6301 Quantitative Introduction to Risk and Uncertainty in Business (3 semester hours) Introduction to statistical and probabilistic methods and theory applicable to situations faced by managers. Topics include: data presentation and summarization, regression analysis, fundamental probability theory and random variables, introductory decision analysis, estimation, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, and One Way ANOVA (Some sections of this class may require a laptop computer). Prerequisite: MATH 5304 or equivalent. ( 3- 0) S 1 Learning ObjectivesStudents are expected to develop skills on problem formulation, identification of appropriate statistical techniques, computer implementations in Excel and/or manual calculations and written explanations, and interpretation of empi rical results of the following and be able to: 1) Organize and summarize raw data; 2) Build and evaluate a regression model from raw data; 3) Apply the basic rules of Probability Theory; 4) Apply the concept of a random variable to solve business problems ; 5) Apply the Normal, Poisson, and Binomial Distributions to solve business problems ; 6) Simulate data from the Normal, Poisson, and Binomial; ) Identify significant changes in averages and proportions 8) Determine if two populations have the same mean or the same proportion ; and 9) Determine if several populations have the same mean. Required Text and Software Textbook: STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS, 9th EDITION, by G. KELLER, 2012. (ISBN 10 digit: 0538477490 / ISBN 13 digit: 980538477499) This is the required edition of the text. Any other editions will have different problems and/or chapter topics. Since your exam problems may contain textbook problems, you are risking a low exam grade by not having the correct edition.The required 9th edition will have an access code that will permit you to download the necessary Excel data files, Excel Workbooks, and Data Analysis Plus macros from t he Publisher’s website. If you have bought, or are buying a used 9th edition textbook, use the following procedure to obtain an online content access code: 1. Go to www. cengagebrain. com 2. In the search box at the top of the page, search â€Å"Statistics for Management and Economics 9th Edition†. 3. Scroll down the search results until you find the following: â€Å"Online Content Instant Access Code for Keller's Statistics for Management and Economics, 9th Edition KellerISBN-10: 1-111-74841-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-111-74841-8  © 2012 The price is $34. 95(subject to change), not including tax. After purchasing, the content is available instantly in your account. You will need to sign in with your email and the password you created. Software: This course uses a Windows-based laptop, eLearning, Internet Access, Microsoft Excel 2007 or higher (no trial versions), Data Analysis Activated (this comes with Excel), Data Analysis Plus and Excel Workbooks (both available for download from the textbook Publisher’s website).If you choose not to install Data Analysis Plus, it will be the student’s sole responsibility to utilize and learn other available existing Excel statistics tools/packs to work problems throughout the semester. Lectures and the Textbook utilize Data Analysis and Data Analysis Plus. Instruction on other tools and/or stat packs will not be provided. Data Analysis Plus is student-friendly and saves time in working problems. Existing Excel statistics tools cannot do all of the problem work as done by Data Analysis Plus. Macs do not have the scripting ability necessary to run Data Analysis Plus .If you are using a Mac, it is necessary to install a Windows Virtual machine, such as Parallel Desktop, or VMWare Fusion 4 which will then allow the use of Windows within the Mac Operating System. You must h ave the Windows version of Excel or the Parallel Desktop or VMWare Fusion is of no use. 2 Exams All exams will be cumulative with focus on certain chapters. Your exam day/time schedule and homework assignments are listed on pages 5 – 8 of this syllabus. TEST 1 (cumulative, focusing on Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) closed book, closed notes, in -class. Time: 75 minutesFormat: multiple choice Bring 882 Scantron, #2 pencil, eraser. No scratch paper permitted. Calculators OK, but no cell phones. TEST 2 (cumulative, focusing on Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) open textbook, open notes, laptop, in-class. Time: 75 minutes Format: multiple choice and/or written problem solving No Scantron. The professor will instruct you on how to provide answers and work on this exam. TEST 3 (cumulative, focusing on Chapters 12, 13, 14, 16, 17) open textbook, open notes, laptop, online. Time: 2 hours Format: multiple choice and/or written problem solvingThis exam is to be taken online, via eLearning under AS SESSMENTS on the menu, strictly beginning at your class section day and time. This exam will not be given in the classroom. This is a timed, one-attempt only exam. WEEKLY QUIZZES (online, timed , one-attempt) located online under ASSESSMENTS on the eLearning class website menu. Time: 10 minutes approximately (may vary for each quiz) Format: multiple choice and/or written short answer Ten weeks during the semester will have a weekly quiz on class lecture material and/or homework problems. There will be NO makeup of weekly quizzes.The weekly quiz will be available online Tuesday through Friday. After the time-limit has expired, you cannot see or take the previous quiz. It is the student’s responsibility to take each weekly quiz. There will not be a final exam during finals week. Tests Will Not Be Returned Students have seven working days after the posted exam grade of Test 1 and of Test 2 to review their exam with the Teaching Assistant. Students have three working days after t he posted exam grade of Test 3 to review their exam with the Teaching Assistant. After the deadline has passed, there will be no discussion of grades/exams.Make-up Exams Make-up exams may be considered only for excused absences, which must be determined prior to the exam. Excused absences may be given for verifiable medical or family emergencies. Written document ation must be provided for substantiation of the absence. Students who do not show up for an exam, and for whom prior arrangements have not been made will receive a score of zero. There is no guarantee that the level of difficulty of the make -up exam, or the exam format, will be compatible to that of the scheduled test. All make-up exams will be written exams and taken at a time determined with the professor.Any make-up exam will be taken on campus with a proctor, even if the missed exam was an online, home exam. Be prepared for significant written discussion, problem-solving, and short-answer questions. No make-ups will b e given for a Weekly Quiz for any reason, excused or unexcused. 3 Grading Criteria: Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Weekly Quizzes QUANTITY 1 1 1 10 VALUE 100 100 100 100 COURSE TOTAL: POINTS 100 100 100 100 400 Letter Grades For the Semester Will Be Determined As Follows: TOTAL POINTS 358 – 400 346 – 357 318 – 345 306 – 317 278 – 305 277 and below LETTER GRADE A B+ B C+ C F There are no D grades in Graduate School.Undergraduates taking this graduate course will be subject to the same grading policy as graduate students. Lectures, Classroom Participation, PowerPoint slides, and DigiNotes PowerPoint slides are utilized to enhance the in -class lecture. The slides are not available for download. To encourage critical thinking, students are required to attend class and take notes. Being proactive in the classroom by asking questions is encouraged. Students will be expected to have read the required reading for each week before coming to class. After the first te st, electronic DigiNotes will be posted each Friday night on the eLearning class website.DigiNotes are not intended to replace a lecture and may not contain everything discussed in class . Attendance Success in class is correlated to attending class and taking notes during the lecture. The professor’s office hours, and those of the TA, will not be utilized to reiterate lecture material missed in class. Due to large class sizes, it may not be possible for a student to attend another class section than the one in which they are officially enrolled. Priority is given to students enrolled in a certain section. Cell Phones and Surfing the Net during Class/Lecture No use of cell phones, or texting within the classroom, at any time.If you must make a call during class or during class breaks, please step outside of the classroom. Surfing the net during lecture is distracting to all and int erferes with learning. These distractions will be regarded as infringement upon the rights of o thers to learn within the classroom, and subject to being referred to the appropriate dean. Extra Credit/Late Work No extra credit available. Late work is not accepted. Emails to your professor, after each test and/or after the semester is completed, asking for extra credit work and/or to bump up your grade more than what you actually earned, will not be answered.These types of email questions are presumptuous and may contain unethical and/or illegal requests and are subject to being forwarded to the appropriate academic dean. Homework Assignment and Required Reading Homework problems are provided within this syllabus on page 6. These problems are for your benefit and not to be turned in for grading. Should you need assistance in solving the problems, please utilize the Discussion Board to help each other, and/or visit your TA or Professor and show written and/or laptop evidence that you have attempted the problems. 4SCHEDULE OF EVENTS FOR OPRE 6301: SECTIONS 001, 002, 003, 502 2012 Week of Chapters/Sections August 27 1&2 September 3 3&4 September 10 4&5 September 17 September 24 6 7&8 October 1 TEST 1 (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Note: Tues/Thu class Sec 002 has lecture on Oct 2 covering sections 8. 1 and 8. 2 October 8 9 & 10 October 15 8. 4, 11 & 12 October 22 8. 4, 12 & 13 October 29 TEST 2 (chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) Note: Tues/Thu class Sec 002 has lecture on Oct 30 covering sections 13. 1 and 13. 2 November 5 13, 14 & 16 November 12 1 6 & 17 November 19 November 26 December 3 17 and TEST 3 reviewTEST 3 (chapters 12, 13, 14, 16, 17) December 3 17 and TEST 3 review December 10 TEST 3 (chapters 12, 13, 14, 16, 17) Topics/Event What is Statistics? , Graphical Descriptive Techniques I Graphical Descriptive Techniques II, Numerical Descriptive Techniques Numerical Descriptive Techniques (cont. ), Data Collection and Sampling Probability Random Variables and Discrete Probability Distributions, Continuous Probability Distributions TEST 1 for Sec 003 Wed class â⠂¬â€œ Oct 3* Required Reading Chapters/Sections 1. 1 – 1. 4, 2. 1 – 2. 3 3. 1 – 3. 4, 4. 1 – 4. 3 4. 4, 4. 7, 4. 8, 5. 1 – 5. 4 6. 1 – 6. 5 7. , 7. 4, 7. 5, 8. 1, 8. 2 TEST 1 for Sec 002 Tues/Thu class – Oct 4* TEST 1 for Sec 502 Thurs night class – Oct 4* TEST 1 for Sec 001 Fri night class – Oct 5* Sampling Distributions, Introduction to Estimation T Distribution (8. 4), Introduction to Hypothesis Testing, Inference about One Population F Distribution (8. 4), Inference about One Population (cont. ), Inference about Two Populations TEST 2 for Sec 003 Wed class – Oct 31* 9. 1, 9. 2, 9. 4, 10. 1 – 10. 3 8. 4, 11. 1 – 11. 4, 12. 1 8. 4, 12. 3, 13. 1, 13. 2 TEST 2 for Sec 002 Tues/Thu class – Nov 1* TEST 2 for Sec 502 Thurs night class – Nov 1*TEST 2 for Sec 001 Fri night class – Nov 2* Inference about Two Populations (cont. ), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Simple Linear Regression S imple Linear Regression (cont. ), Multiple Linear Regression THANKGIVING HOLIDAY (Nov 19-24) Multiple Linear Regression (cont. ) TEST 3 for Sec 502 Thurs night class – Dec 6* 13. 3, 13. 4, 14. 1, 14. 2, 16. 1, 16. 2 16. 3 – 16. 6, 17. 1 – 17. 4 17. 1 – 17. 4 Last Class Meeting TEST 3 for Sec 001 Fri night class – Dec 7* Multiple Linear Regression (cont. ) Sec 002 and Sec 003 TEST 3 for Sec 002 Tues/Thu class – Dec 11* Last Class Meeting 17. 2 – 17. 4TEST 3 for Sec 003 Wed class – Dec 12* Last Class Meeting. *Students must take tests with the sections in which they are enrolled. 5 Last Class Meeting HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS Required Reading Chapter/Sections and Problem Assignments (Not to be turned in for grading) Please Note: Check your eLearning website for any changes throughout the semester. Chapter 1: What is Statistics? 1. 1. Key Statistical Concepts 1. 2. Statistical Applications in Business 1. 3. Statistics and the Computer 1. 4. World Wide Web and Learning Center Appendix 1 – Instructions for installation of files Problems: 1. 2 – 1. (Even numbered problems); Pages 1 – 9 Chapter 2: Graphical Descriptive Techniques 2. 1. Types of Data and Information 2. 2. Describing a Set of Nominal Data 2. 3. Describing the Relationship between Two Nominal Variables and Comparing Two or More Nominal Data Sets Problems: 2. 14 – 2. 50 (Even numbered problems); Pages 11 – 39 Chapter 3: Graphical Descriptive Techniques II 3. 1. Graphical Techniques to Describe a Set of Interval Data 3. 2. Describing Time-Series Data 3. 3. Describing the Relationship between Two Interval Variables 3. 4. Art and Science of Graphical Presentations Problems: 3. 6 – 3. 0, 3. 32, 3. 34, 3. 48 – 3. 58 (Even numbered problems); Pages 43 – 92 Chapter 4: Numerical Descriptive Techniques 4. 1. Measures of Central Location 4. 2. Measures of Variability 4. 3. Measures of Relative Standing and Bo x Plots 4. 4. Measures of Linear Relationship 4. 7. Comparing Graphical and Numerical Techniques 4. 8. General Guidelines for Exploring Data Appendix 4 Review Of chapters 2 to 4 Problems: 4. 2 – 4. 16, 4. 32 – 4. 36, 4. 42 – 4. 54 (Even numbered problems), 4. 65, 4. 66, 4. 74, 4. 80 (All); Pages 97 – 144, 153, 154 Chapter 5: Data Collection and Sampling 5. 1. Methods of Collecting Data . 2. Sampling 5. 3. Sampling Plans 5. 4. Sampling and Nonsampling Errors Problems: 5. 2, 5. 3, 5. 7, 5. 12; Pages 161 – 173 Chapter 6: Probability 6. 1. Assigning Probability to Events 6. 2. Joint, Marginal, and Conditional Probability 6. 3. Probability Rules and Trees 6. 4. Bayes’ Law 6. 5. Identifying the Correct Method Problems: 6. 6, 6. 11, 6. 16, 6. 17, 6. 20, 6. 28 – 6. 40, 6. 48, 6. 56, 6. 62 – 6. 68 (Even numbered problems); Pages 176 – 210 6 Chapter 7: Random Variables and Discrete Probability Distributions 7. 1. Random Variables and Probability Distributions 7. 4. Binomial Distribution . 5. Poisson Distribution Problems: 7. 2, 7. 10 – 7. 20, 7. 27, 7. 32, 7. 84, 7. 92 – 7. 100 (Even numbered problems), 7. 110, 7. 112 – 7. 119 (All); Pages 217 – 228, 244 – 261 Chapter 8: Continuous Probability Distributions 8. 1. Probability Density Functions 8. 2. Normal Distribution 8. 4. Other Continuous Distributions – T distribution & F distribution Problems: 8. 16 – 8. 56 (Even numbered problems), 8. 83 – 8. 88, 8. 96 -8. 100 (All); Pages 263 – 286, 291 – 296, 301 – 306 Chapter 9: Sampling Distributions 9. 1. Sampling Distribution of the Mean 9. 2. Sampling Distribution of a Proportion . 4. From Here to Inference Problems: 9. 2 – 9. 24, 9. 30 – 9. 42 (Even numbered problems), 9. 52, 9. 54 (All); Pages 307 – 333 Chapter 10: Introduction to Estimation 10. 1. Concepts of Estimation 10. 2. Estimating the Population Mean when t he Populat ion Standard Deviation is known 10. 3. Selecting the Sample Size Problems: 10. 2, 10. 12, 10. 22 – 10. 32 (Even numbered problems), 10. 52, 10. 54 (All); Pages 335 – 358 Chapter 11: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 11. 1. Concepts of Hypothesis Testing 11. 2. Testing the Population Mean when the Population Standard Deviation is known 11. . Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error 11. 4. The Road Ahead Problems: 11. 7 – 11. 12 (All), 11. 14 – 11. 46 (Even numbered problems); Pages 361 – 397 Chapter 12: Inference about One Population 12. 1. Inference about a population Mean when th e Standard Deviation is Unknown 12. 3. Inference about a Population Proportion Problems: 12. 4, 12. 8, 12. 24 – 12. 34 (Even numbered problems), 12. 70, 12. 74, 12. 94, 12. 96 (All); Pages 399 – 412, 421 – 431 Chapter 13: Inference about Two Populations 13. 1. Inference about the Difference between Two Means: Independent Samples 13. 2.Observational and Experimental Data 13. 4. Inference about the Ratio of Two Variances 13. 5. Inference about the Difference between Two Population Proportions Appendix 13 Review of Chapters 12 and 13 Problems: 13. 12 – 13. 20, 13. 32 – 13. 36 (Even numbered problems), 13. 78 – 13. 81, 13. 90, 13. 91, 13. 92 (All) Pages 449 – 471, 489 – 511 Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance 14. 1. One Way Analysis of Variance 14. 2. Multiple Comparisons Appendix 14 Review of Chapters 12 to 14 Problems: 14. 4 – 14. 14 (Even numbered problems), 14. 38, 14. 41, 14. 42 (All), Utilize Tukey’s Omega; Pages 525 – 545, 548 – 553 Chapter 15: Chi Squared Tests (Chapter 15 is not covered in this course) Read Appendix 15 Review of Chapters 12 – 14 only Chapter 16: Simple Linear Regression 16. 1. Model 16. 2. Estimating the Coefficients 16. 3. Error Variable: Required Conditions 16. 4. Assessing the Model 16. 5. Using the Regression Equation 1 6. 6. Regression Diagnostics – I Appendix 16 Review of Chapters 12 – 16 (Exclude Chapter 15) Problems: 16. 1, 16. 2, 16. 6 – 16. 11, 16. 32, 16. 34(b, c), 16. 38, 16. 39, 16. 40, 16. 56, 16. 62, 16. 89, 16. 90, 16. 100, 16. 102, Case 16. 2; Pages 633 – 660, 666 – 679Chapter 17: Multiple Regression 17. 1. Model and Required Conditions 17. 2. Estimating the Coefficients and Assessing the Model 17. 3. Regression Diagnostics – II 17. 4. Regression Diagnostics- III (Time Series) Appendix 17 Review of Chapters 12 – 17 (Exclude Chapter 15) Problems: 17. 8, 17. 10, 17. 18; Pages 692 – 712 8 University of Texas at Dallas Policies and Procedures Field Trip Policies Off-Campus Instruction & Course Activities Off-campus, out-of-state, and foreign instruction and activities are subject to state law and University policies and procedures regarding travel and risk-related activities.Information regarding these rules and regulations may be fou nd at the website address http://www. utdallas. edu/BusinessAffairs/Travel_Risk_Activities. htm. Additional information is available from the office of the school dean. There are no field trips associated with this class. Technical Support: If you experience any problems with your UTD account you may send an email to: [email  protected] edu or call the UTD Computer Helpdesk at 972-883-2911. Student Conduct & Discipline The University of Texas System and The University of Texas at Dallas have rules and regulations for the orderly and efficient conduct of their business.It is the responsibility of each student and each student organization to be knowledgeable about the rules an d regulations which govern student conduct and activities. The University of Texas at Da llas administers student discipline within the procedures of recognized and established due process. Procedures are defined and described in the Rules and Regulations of th e Board of Regents of the University of Texas Sy stem, Part 1, Chapter VI, Section 3, and in Title V, Rules on Student Services and Activities of the Course Syllabus Page 8, University’s Handbook of Operating Procedures.Copies of these rules and regulations are available to students in the Office of the Dean of Students, where staff members are available to assist students in interpreting the rules and regulations (SSB 4. 400, 972/883- 6391). A student at the university neither loses the rights nor escapes the responsibilities of citizenship. He or she is expected t o obey federal, state, and local laws as well as the Regents’ Rules, university regulations, and administrative rules.Students are subject to discip line for violating the standards of conduct whether such conduct takes place on or off campus, or whether civil or criminal penalti es are also imposed for such conduct. Academic Integrity The faculty and administration of the School of Management expect from our students a high level of responsibility and ac adem ic honesty. Because the value of an academic degree depends upon the absolute integrity of the work done by the student for that degree, it is imperative that a student demonstrate a high standard of individual honor in his or her scholastic work.We wan t to establish a reputation for the honorable behavior of our graduates , which extends throughout their careers. Both your individual reputation and the school’s reputation matter to your success. The Judicial Affairs website lists examples of academic dishonesty. Dishonesty includes, but is not limited to cheating, plag iarism, collusion, facilitating academic dishonesty, fabrication, failure to contribute to a collaborative project and sabotage. Some of the ways students may engage in academic dishonesty are: Coughing and/or using visual or auditory signals in a test;Concealing notes on hands, caps, shoes, in pockets or the back of beverage bottle labels; Writing in blue books prior to an examination; Writing informati on on blackboards, desks, or keeping notes on the floor; Obtaining copies of an exam in advance; Passing information from an earlier class to a later class; Leaving information in the bathroom; Exchanging exams so that neighbors have identical test forms; Having a substitute take a test and providing falsified identification for the substitute; Fabricating data for lab assignments;Changing a graded paper and requesting that it be regraded; Failing to turn in a test or assignment and later suggesting the faculty member lost the item; Stealing another student’s graded test and affixing one’s own name on it; Recording two answers, one on the test form, one on the answer sheet; Marking an answer sheet to enable another to see the answer; Encircling two adjacent answers and claiming to have had the correct nswer; Stealing an exam for someone in another section or for placement in a test file; Using an electronic device to store test information, or to send or receive answer s for a test; Destroying or removing library materials to gain an academic advantage; Consulting assignment solutions posted on websites of previous course offerings; Transferring a computer file from one person’s account to another; Transmitting posted answers for an exam to a student in a testing area via electronic device; 9Downloading text from the Internet or other sources without proper a ttribution; Citing to false references or findings in research or other academic exercises; Unauthorized collaborating with another person in preparing academic exercises ; Submitting a substantial portion of the same academic work more than once without wr itten authorization from the instructor. http://www. utdallas. edu/judicialaffairs/UTDJudicialAffairs -Basicexamples. html Updated: August, 2011 Plagiarism on written assignments, especially from the web, from portions of papers for other classes, and from any other source is unacceptable.During tests and quizzes, students in this s ection are not allowed to have with them any food or drinks, scratch paper, cours e materials, textbooks, notes, invisible ink pens, or electronic devices, including IPads, IPhones, IPods, MP3 Players, earphones, radios, smart phones, cameras, calculators, multi-function timepieces, or computers. When possible, students should sit in alterna ting seats, face forward at all times, and remove any clothing which might conceal eye movements, reflect images of another’s work, or hide co urse material for copying.Exam proctors will monitor any communication or signaling between students by talking, whispering, or making sounds, or by using your hands, feet, other body movements, the test paper itself or your writing implement. Students in this course suspected of academic dishonesty are subject to disciplinary proceedings, and if found responsible, the following minimum sanctions will be applied: 1. Homework – Zero for the Assignment 2. Case Write-ups – Zero for the A ssignment 3. Quizzes – Zero for the Quiz 4. Presentations – Zero for the Assignment 5.Group Work – Zero for the Assignment for all group members 6. Tests – F for the course These sanctions will be administered only after a student has been found officially responsible for academic dishonesty, eith er through waiving their right for a disciplinary hearing, or being declared responsib le after a hearing administered by Judicial Affairs and the Dean of Student’s Office. In the event that the student receives a failing grade for the course for academic dishonesty, the student is not allowed to withdraw as a way of preventing the grade from being entered on their record.Where a student receives an F in a course and chooses to take the course over to improve their grade, the original grade of F remains on their transcript, but does not count towards calculati on of their GPA. The School of Management also reserves the right to review a student’s d isciplinary record, on file with the Dean of Students, as one of the criteria for determining a student’s eligibility for a scholarship. Judicial Affairs ProceduresUnder authority delegated by the Dean of Students, a faculty member who has reason to suspect that a student has engaged in academic dishonesty may conduct a conference with the student in compliance with the following procedures: (i) The student will be informed that he/she is believed to have committed an act or acts of academic dishonesty in violation of University rules; (ii) The student will be presented with any information in the knowledge or possession of the instructor which tends to support the allegation(s) of academic dishonesty; iii) The student will be given an opportunity to present information on his/her behalf; (iv) After meeting with the student, the faculty member may choose not to refer the allegation if he/she determines that the allegations are not supported by the evidence; or (v) After meeti ng with the student, the faculty member may refer the allegations to the dean of students along with a referral form and all supporting documentation of the alleged violation.Under separate co ver, the faculty member should forward the appropriate grade to be assessed if a student is found to be responsible for academic dishonesty; (vi) The faculty member may consult with the dean of students in determining the recommended grade; (vii) The faculty member must not impose any independent sanctions upon the student in lieu of a referral to Judicial Affairs; (viii) The faculty member may not impose a sanction of suspension or expulsion, but may make this recommendation in the referral documentationIf the faculty member chooses not to meet with the student and instead forwards the appropriate documentation directly to the dean of students, they should attempt to inform the student of the allegation and notify the student that the information has been forwarded to the Office of Dean of St udents for investigation . 10 The student, pending a hearing, remains responsible for all academic exercises and syllabus requirements. The student may re main in class if the student’s presence in the class does not interfere with the professor’s ability to teach the class or the ability of other class members to learn. See Section 49. 0, page V-49-4 for information regarding the removal of a student from class). Upon receipt of the referral form, class syllabus, and the supporting material/documentation from the faculty member, the dean shall proceed under the guidelines in the Handbook of Operating Procedures , Chapter 49, Subchapter C. If the respondent disputes the facts upon which the allegations are based, a fair and impartial disciplinary committee comprised of UTD faculty and students, shall hold a hearing and determine the responsibility of the student.If they find the student in violation of the code of conduct, the de an will then affirm the minimum sanctio n as provided in the syllabus, and share this information with the student. The dean will review the student’s prior disciplinary record and assess additional sanctions where appropriate to the circumstances. The dean will inf orm the student and the faculty member of their decision. Email Use The University of Texas at Dallas recognizes the value and efficiency of communication between faculty/staff and students through electronic mail.At the same time, email raises some issues concerning security and the identity of each individual in an email exchange. The university encourages all official student email correspondence be sent only to a student’s U. T. Dallas email address and that faculty and staff consider email from students official only if it originates from a UTD student account. This allows the university to maintain a high degree of confidence in the identity of all individual corresponding and the security of the transmitted information.UTD furnishes each s tudent with a free email account that is to be used in all communication with university personnel. The Department of Information Resources at U. T. Dallas provides a method for students to have their U. T. Dallas mail forwarded to other accounts. Withdrawal from Class The administration of this institution has set deadlines for withdrawal of any college -level courses. These dates and times are published in that semester's course catalog. Administration procedures must be followed. It is the student's responsibility to handle withdrawal requirements from any class.The professor cannot drop or withdraw any student. The student must do the proper paperwork to avoid receiving a final grade of â€Å"F† in the course if the student chose not to attend the class after enrollment. Student Grievance Procedures Procedures for student grievances are found in Title V, Rules on Student Services and Activities, of the university’s Handbook of Operating Procedures. In attempting to resolve any student grievance regarding grades, evaluations, or other fulfillments of academic responsibility, it is the bligation of the student first to make a serious effort to resolve the matter with the instructor, supervisor, administrator, or committee with whom the grievance originates (hereafter called â€Å"the respond ent†). Individual faculty members retain primary responsibility for assigning grades and evaluations. If the matter cannot be resolved at that level, the grievance must be submitted in writing to the respondent with a copy of the respondent’s School Dean. If the matter is not resolved by the written response provided by the respondent, the student may submit a written appeal to the School Dean.If the grievance is not resolved by the School Dean’s decision, the student may make a written appeal to the Dean of Graduate or Undergraduate Education, and the deal will appoint and convene an Academic Appeals Panel. The decision of the Academic Appeals Panel is final. The results of the academic appeals process will be distributed to all involved parties. Copies of these rules and regulations are available to students in the Office of the Dean of Students, where staff members are available to assist students in interpreting the rules and regulations. Incomplete Grade PolicyAs per university policy, incomplete grades will be granted only for work unavoidably missed at the semester’s end and only if 70% of the course work has been completed. An incomplete grade must be resolved within eight (8) weeks from the first day of the subsequent long semester. If the required work to complete the course and to remove the incomplete grade is not submitted by the specified deadline, the incomplete grade is changed automatically to a grade of F. Disability Services The goal of Disability Services is to provide students with disabilities educational opportunities equal to those of their non -disabled peers.Disability Services is located in room 1. 610 in the Student Union. Office hours are Monday and Thursday, 8:30 a. m. to 6:30 p. m. ; Tuesday and Wednesday, 8:30 a. m. to 7:30 p. m. ; and Friday, 8:30 a. m. to 5:30 p. m. The contact information for the Office of Disability Services is: The University of Texas at Dallas, SU 22 PO Box 830688 Richardson, Texas 75083-0688 (972) 883-2098 (voice or TTY) 11 Essentially, the law requires that colleges and universities make those reasonable adjustments necessary to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability.For example, it may be necessary to remove classroom prohibitions against tape recorders or animals (in the case of dog guides) for students who are blind. Occasionally an assignment requirement may be substituted (for example, a research paper versus an oral presentation for a student who is hearing impaired). Classes enrolled students with mobility impairments may have to be rescheduled in accessible facilities. The college or university may need to p rovide special services such as registration, note-taking, or mobility assistance.It is the student’s responsibility to notify his or her professors of the need for such an accommodation. Disability Services provides students with letters to present to faculty members to verify that the student has a disability and needs accommodations. Individuals requiring special accommodation should contact the professor immediately during the first class meeting. Religious Holy Days The University of Texas at Dallas will excuse a student from class or other required activities for the travel to and observance of a religious holy day for a religion whose places of worship are exempt from property tax under Section 11. 0, Tax Code, Texas Code Annotated. The student is encouraged to notify the instructor or activity sponsor as soon as possible regarding the absence, preferably in advance of the assignment. The student, so excused, will be allowed to take the exam or complete the assignment within a reasonable time after the absence: a period equal to the length of the absence, up to a maximum of one week. A student who notifies the instructor and completes any missed exam or assignment may not be penalized for the absence.A student who fails to complete the exam or assignment within the prescribed period may receive a failing grade for that exam or assignment. If a student or an instructor disagrees about the nature of the absence [i. e. , for the purpose of observing a religious holy day] or if there is similar disagreement about whether the student has been given a reasonable time to complete any missed assignments or examinations, either the student or the instructor may request a ruling from the chief executive officer of the institution, or his or her designee.The chief executive officer or designee must take into account the legislative intent of TEC 51. 911(b), and the student and instructor w ill abide by the decision of the chief executive officer or designee . Off-Campus Instruction and Course Activities Off-campus, out-of-state, and foreign instruction and activities are subject to state law and University policies and procedures regarding travel and risk-related activities. Information regarding these rules and regulations may be found at the website address given below.Additional information is available from the office of the school dean. (http://www. utdallas. edu/BusinessAffairs/Travel_R isk_Activities. htm) Descriptions/ timelines for your class are subject to change at the discretion of the Professor. It is the responsibility of the student to read and understand this syllabus. Any errors and/or omissions found after the official posting of this syllabus, at any time, will be corrected with announcement to class via lecture classroom and/or eLearning. Calculation of Letter Grades stated within this syllabus applies to the current semester. 12

summary of social cognition essays

summary of social cognition essays CHAPTER 17: SOCIAL COGNITION AND EFFECT Social psychology is the study of how people think and feel about their social world and how they interact and influence one another. - Social psychologists begin with the basic observation that human behaviour is a function of both the person and the situation. - Research has repeatedly shown that situations are more powerful determinants of behaviour than our intuitions lead us to believe. - Individuals, however, do not react simply to the objective features of situations but to their subjective interpretations of them. Intuitive Theories of Social Behaviour - In attempting to understand people, we act like informal scientists and construct our own intuitive theories of human behaviour. In doing so we face the same basic tasks as the formal scientist: 2. We attempt to detact covariation or correlation, to discern what goes with what. 3. We try to infer cause and effect, to evaluate what causes what. - We go through this same process in trying to understand ourselves: 1. We observe our own thoughts, feelings or actions. 2. We attempt to detect covariation. 3. We try to infer cause and effect. - Our intuitive attempts to apply scientific reasoning to everyday life work surprisingly well. However, our theories can actually shape our perceptions of data, distort our estimates of covariation, and bias our evaluations of cause and effect. - The first difficulty we face as informal scientists is that of collecting data in a systematic and unbiased way. - When, as informal survey researchers, we try to make the estimate of a representative sample intuitively, our major source of data is likely to be the people we know personally. Obviously, this is not a represantative sample of the population. - Another major source of data is the mass media, which also provide nonrandom and nonrepresentative sample: the data mass media gives us ...

Hairhouse Warehouse Research Task Essay

Hairhouse Warehouse Research Task Essay Hairhouse Warehouse Research Task Essay Hairhouse Warehouse: Hairhouse Warehouse is Australia’s largest retail hair care and beauty salon. It provides hair care and beauty products for consumers and training and ongoing support for employees. It was first established in 1992 at Knox City Shopping Centre in Victoria. The franchising commenced 20 years ago and since then has grown to more than 142 salons Australia wide. The investment required in order to start up a Hairhouse Warehouse franchise, is anywhere between $350,000 - $550,000 and agreement terms of up to 7 years. It has franchises all over Australia and plans on expanding by going international. To be a successful franchisee at Hairhouse Warehouse is a drive and passion to achieve. The training in which must be obtained a 1 week induction in the support center and 3 weeks of training taking the franchiser through store systems and processes, as well as ongoing store support. Face to face training and ongoing online training is needed to maintain leadership, store sales and salon sales. The marketing support provided includes television, radio, cinema, digital and social media, print collateral, including catalogue as well as the in-house development of all in-store point of sale. Gelatissimo: Gelatissimo is a retail franchise where franchisees make fresh artisan gelato on site with the finest ingredients from authentic family recipes using a simple and easy to use system. Gelatissimo not only offers gelato, but also cones, sundaes, cakes, coffee and sweets. It was establishes in 2002 and franchising was offered in 2004. There are 45 Gelatissimo outlets worldwide and 24 of those outlets are in Australia. To invest in Gelatissimo, the fee is $50,000 and the contract agreement terns is a five year term with a five year option. The franchise operates in Rydalmere in NSW. The qualification required is a need to have a passion for the brand and a desire to provide excellent customer service. There is no requirement in food preparation or gelato making as Gelatissimo trains its franchises in all aspects of the business. The training which must be taken I s an initial three week comprehensive training course as well as ongoing and advanced training available for all franchisees. The marketing support provided at Gelatissimo is a professional marketing team devises and handles all national marketing and assists franchisees with ongoing local store marketing support Jetts Fitness: Jetts is Australia’s most successful fitness chain, revolutionizing the fitness industry with its 24/7, low cost, convenient club model. It provides personal trainers and gym equipment for customer to use. It was established in 2007 became a franchise not long after in 2007. There are 250+ units throughout Australia and New Zealand and is still expanding. The investment required is $300,00 -$400,00 excluding leased equipment and a 5 year contract agreement term. Jetts franchise operates all over Australia and New Zealand, however the head office is located in Queensland. The qualifications required to join the franchise is a passion for success and Jetts offers you the freedom of choice to keep your day job as our business owners are semi-passive with a little as 10 hours a